The Different Types of Gastroenteritis

Have you ever experienced the sudden onset of nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea that leaves you feeling completely drained? If so, you have likely encountered gastroenteritis, commonly known as the stomach flu. Despite its name, it is not related to the influenza virus but is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by various culprits.

In Singapore, gastroenteritis is a common issue, with outbreaks frequently reported in schools, nursing homes and other shared spaces. Learn about its type, its causes, symptoms and how to handle them here.

What Is Gastroenteritis?

Gastroenteritis occurs when your stomach and intestines become inflamed, leading to symptoms such as diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and sometimes fever. This condition can be triggered by infections from viruses, bacteria or parasites, as well as by non-infectious factors like certain medications or toxins.

While most cases are mild and resolve within a few days, dehydration is a risk, especially for young children, the elderly, or those with weakened immune systems. In rare cases, untreated gastroenteritis can lead to serious complications like kidney issues.

Viral Gastroenteritis

Viral gastroenteritis is the most common type of stomach flu, especially in Singapore, with norovirus being a leading cause of outbreaks. It occurs when viruses inflame your stomach and intestines, triggering sudden and uncomfortable symptoms. This condition primarily spreads through consuming contaminated food or water, often prepared in unsanitary conditions, and also via person-to-person or surface contact.

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis is an infection of the stomach and intestines, most commonly acquired through consuming contaminated food or water. Common culprits include Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter, and Shigella.

Parasitic Gastroenteritis

Parasitic gastroenteritis is a less common yet significant cause of digestive illness, particularly in regions with inadequate sanitation and limited access to clean water. It results from infection by various parasites, such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium, which invade the gastrointestinal tract and lead to prolonged, sometimes severe symptoms.

This type of gastroenteritis often occurs due to ingesting contaminated water, consuming raw or undercooked foods, person-to-person transmission and recreational water exposure.

Non-Infectious Gastroenteritis

Non-infectious gastroenteritis is the inflammation of the stomach and intestines that is not caused by infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria or parasites. Instead, it results from exposure to various irritants or non-infectious factors that disrupt the digestive tract lining. These can include medications, toxins and chemicals, food allergies or intolerances and other irritants.

Symptoms

Symptoms of non-infectious gastroenteritis typically develop quickly and can persist for a few days to longer, depending on the cause and severity of the irritation. Common symptoms include:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhoea (often watery and non-bloody)
• Abdominal discomfort or cramping
• Reduced appetite

Occasionally, individuals may also experience low-grade fever, bloating or general malaise.

Gastroenteritis in Singapore

Gastroenteritis is a significant public health concern in Singapore. According to the Singapore Food Agency’s Food Statistics 2024 report, the foodborne illness rate reached 22.8 cases per 100,000 population in 2024.

During this period, 31 foodborne gastroenteritis incidents were investigated, with 18 of these outbreaks having inconclusive sources. The norovirus has also been identified as a leading cause of viral outbreaks, while bacteria like Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens are common in foodborne cases.

Public health measures in Singapore include:

• Rigorous food safety regulations and inspections by the SFA.
• Public education campaigns on hand hygiene and safe food preparation.
• Rapid response to outbreaks to prevent their spread.

When To Seek Medical Attention

Most cases of gastroenteritis resolve on their own, but you should see a doctor if you experience:

• Signs of dehydration, such as decreased urine output, dry mouth, dizziness or sunken eyes (especially in children)
• Bloody stools or severe abdominal pain
• A fever above 38.5°C that lasts more than 24 hours
• Symptoms that persist for more than a few days

It is also crucial to consult your doctor if you are in a high-risk group (infants, the elderly, pregnant women or those with chronic illnesses or weakened immune systems).

Gastroenteritis Treatment at Kieron Lim Gastroenterology

Led by Dr Kieron Lim, our clinic provides diagnosis and management for all forms of gastroenteritis, from acute viral infections to complex parasitic or recurrent bacterial cases. Our comprehensive care includes:

• Prompt Diagnosis: Dr Lim reviews your medical history and may use stool tests or endoscopic evaluation when needed to identify the cause of gastrointestinal symptoms.
• Tailored Treatment: Based on the type and severity of gastroenteritis, treatment may involve oral rehydration, antibiotics, antiparasitic medication or dietary modification.
• Prevention Through Education: Dr Lim advocates good hand hygiene, safe food practices and early intervention, especially for those at high risk.

If you or someone you know is experiencing persistent or worsening symptoms of gastroenteritis, it is essential to seek medical advice. With expert care from specialists like Dr Kieron Lim, patients can achieve a swift recovery and prevent future episodes. Book a consultation with us today.